Ubuntu相关操作

常规操作

换源

使用清华的源https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/help/ubuntu/

先备份源文件

sudo mv /etc/apt/sources.list  /etc/apt/sources.list.bk

写入新的源

sudo vim /etc/apt/sources.list

仅包含 32/64 位 x86 架构处理器的软件包

# 默认注释了源码镜像以提高 apt update 速度，如有需要可自行取消注释
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-updates main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-backports main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-backports main restricted universe multiverse

# deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-security main restricted universe multiverse
# # deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-security main restricted universe multiverse

deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ jammy-security main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ jammy-security main restricted universe multiverse

# 预发布软件源，不建议启用
# deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
# # deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-proposed main restricted universe multiverse

在 ARM(arm64, armhf)、PowerPC(ppc64el)、RISC-V(riscv64) 和 S390x 等架构的设备上（对应官方源为 ports.ubuntu.com）使用：

# 默认注释了源码镜像以提高 apt update 速度，如有需要可自行取消注释
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu-ports/ jammy main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu-ports/ jammy main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu-ports/ jammy-updates main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu-ports/ jammy-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu-ports/ jammy-backports main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu-ports/ jammy-backports main restricted universe multiverse

# deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu-ports/ jammy-security main restricted universe multiverse
# # deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu-ports/ jammy-security main restricted universe multiverse

deb http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports/ jammy-security main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports/ jammy-security main restricted universe multiverse

# 预发布软件源，不建议启用
# deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu-ports/ jammy-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
# # deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu-ports/ jammy-proposed main restricted universe multivers

更新源

sudo apt-get update

open too many files

打开的文件描述符超限了

vim /etc/security/limits.conf

* soft nproc 1000000
* hard nproc 1000000
* soft nofile 1000000
* hard nofile 1000000

重新登录即可

查看所允许最大文件数

[root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/sys/fs/file-max
2000000

ssh连接Permission denied (publickey)

可能是Linux上ssh服务没有开密码登录

sudo vim /etc/ssh/sshd_config

找到PasswordAuthentication,将no改为yes

PasswordAuthentication yes

找到PubkeyAuthentication,将yse改为no

然后重启服务

sudo systemctl restart sshd

创建一个新用户

创建一个新用户

sudo adduser <username>

将用户添加到sudo组中，以便拥有管理员权限

sudo usermod -aG sudo <username>

修改目录所有者

递归修改目录及其目录中的文件的所有者

sudo chown -R <用户名>:<用户组> 目标目录

为应用创建守护进程

编写一个服务文件，通常放在 /etc/systemd/system/ 目录下，命名规则为 your-service-name.service。可以使用文本编辑器打开并编辑该文件。

sudo vi /etc/systemd/system/your-service-name.service

在服务文件中定义服务的描述信息、启动命令、停止命令、依赖关系等，以下是一个示例：

[Unit]
Description=<Your Service Name>

[Service]
KillMode=process
LimitNOFILE=102400
Environment=BINPATH=<binary path>
WorkingDirectory=<binary path>
Type=forking

ExecStart=/usr/bin/bash -c "${BINPATH}/run.sh start"
ExecStop=/usr/bin/bash -c "${BINPATH}/run.sh stop"
ExecReload=/usr/bin/bash -c "${BINPATH}/run.sh restart"

Restart=on-failure

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target

说明：

• [Unit] 段包含服务的描述信息和依赖关系。
• [Service] 段包含服务的启动命令和重启策略。
• [Install] 段包含服务的安装信息。

启用服务并设置为开机自启动。

sudo systemctl enable your-service-name.service

启动服务。

sudo systemctl start your-service-name.service

检查服务状态。

sudo systemctl status your-service-name.service

如果服务的状态显示为 active (running)，则说明服务已经成功启动，并且已经设置为开机自启动。如果服务的状态显示为 inactive (dead)，则说明服务启动失败，请检查服务文件中的配置是否正确。

禁用守护进程

sudo systemctl disable your-service-name.service 

配置root用户

# 为root用户设置密码
sudo passwd root

#登录到root用户
su root

# 设置root用户可ssh登录
sudo vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config

#打开
LoginGraceTime 2m
PermitRootLogin yes
StrictModes yes

#重启ssh
sudo service ssh restart

设置root用户登录图形桌面

1)在终端中输入命令sudo vim /etc/pam.d/gdm-autologin

(前提是系统中安装有vim编辑器,安装命令是sudo apt-get install vim,也可以使用vi编辑器或nano编辑器)

2)注释'auth requied pam_succeed_if.so user != root quiet success'这一行,保存退出

3)在终端输入命令sudo vim /etc/pam.d/gdm-password

4)注释'auth requied pam_succeed_if.so user != root quiet success'这一行,保存退出

5)在终端输入命令sudo vi /root/.profile

6)在'mesg n 2> /dev/null || true'这一行前添加'tty -s && ',改为'tty -s && mesg n 2> /dev/null || true'

7)重启计算机,此时可以用ROOT用户登录,也可以使用原来安装时自己创建的普通用户登录,但是选择了普通用户后的用户选择列表并没有root用户,需要点击未列出手动输入root和密码来登录

安装make和Gcc

安装make

$ sudo apt install make

$ make --version
GNU Make 4.3
Built for aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu
Copyright (C) 1988-2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>
This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.

安装gcc

$ sudo apt install build-essential

$ gcc --version
gcc (Ubuntu 11.3.0-1ubuntu1~22.04.1) 11.3.0
Copyright (C) 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This is free software; see the source for copying conditions.  There is NO
warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

Git

生成公钥

# 一路回车
ssh-keygen -t rsa -C "your email"

设置global参数

git config --global  user.name "your user name"
git config --global user.email "your email"

# 查看所有配置
git config --global --list

代码拉取报错

仓库配置了ssh公钥，拉取代码报错：Their offer: ssh-rsa fatal: Could not read from remote repository.

vim ~/.ssh/config

Host *
HostkeyAlgorithms +ssh-rsa
PubkeyAcceptedKeyTypes +ssh-rsa

shell

查看所有shell

cat /etc/shells

查看当前sell

echo $SHELL

zsh安装

安装zsh

sudo apt install zsh

将默认的shell改为zsh

# 使用zsh
zsh

将zsh设置成默认shell

chsh -s /usr/bin/zsh

安装oh-my-zsh

前提已经安装了gt

# github安装
wget --no-check-certificate https://github.com/robbyrussell/oh-my-zsh/raw/master/tools/install.sh -O - | sh

# giteea安装
sh -c "$(curl -fsSL https://gitee.com/shmhlsy/oh-my-zsh-install.sh/raw/master/install.sh)"

配置zsh

vim ~/.zshrc

#防止中文乱码
export LC_ALL=en_US.UTF-8
export LANG=en_US.UTF-8

# 默认的路径
ZSH="～/.oh-my-zsh"
# 设置字体模式以及配置命令行的主题 
#ZSH_THEME="robbyrussell" #默认主题
# 主题：https://github.com/ohmyzsh/ohmyzsh/wiki/Themes
ZSH_THEME="gallois" # 目前使用主题

GO安装

备注

这里是之前在一台arm64的ubuntu安装的步骤，ubuntu amd64的操作方式是一样的

官网：https://golang.google.cn/

下载

wget https://golang.google.cn/dl/go1.17.13.linux-arm64.tar.gz

解压

tar -zxvf go1.17.13.linux-arm64.tar.gz -C ~/opt/programming/Go

创建目录

mkdir ~/opt/programming/Go/go_workspace
mkdir ~/opt/programming/Go/GOCACHE
touch ~/opt/programming/Go/ENV

$ ll ~/opt/programming/Go        
total 12K
-rw-rw-r-- 1 ubuntu ubuntu   0 Mar 12 17:46 ENV
drwxr-xr-x 1 ubuntu ubuntu 608 Jul 30  2022 go
drwxrwxr-x 1 ubuntu ubuntu  64 Mar 12 17:46 GOCACHE
drwxrwxr-x 1 ubuntu ubuntu  64 Mar 12 17:46 go_workspace

配置环境变量

vim ~/.zshrc

export OPT_DIR=$HOME/opt

# Go
export GO_HOME=$OPT_DIR/programming/Go
export GOROOT=$GO_HOME/go
export GOPATH=$GO_HOME/go_workspace
export GOENV=$$GO_HOME/ENV
export GOCACHE=$GO_HOME/GOCACHE
export PATH=$PATH:$GOROOT/bin:$GOPATH
export GO111MODULE=on
export GOPROXY=https://goproxy.io,direct

source ~/.zshrc

查看版本

$ go version                                                                                                       
go version go1.17.13 linux/arm64